Neonatal and pediatric respiratory conditions, surfactant therapy, and specialized ventilation strategies tested on the NBRC TMC exam.
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- Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is primarily caused by
- A deficiency of pulmonary surfactant in premature infants
- Surfactant's main function in the alveoli
- Reducing alveolar surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse at end-expiration
- A classic chest x-ray finding in neonatal RDS
- A diffuse ground-glass appearance with air bronchograms
- Antenatal corticosteroids are given to a mother in preterm labor to
- Accelerate fetal lung maturity and surfactant production
- Exogenous surfactant is administered to a neonate via
- Instillation directly into the trachea through an endotracheal tube
- Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is caused by
- Delayed clearance of fetal lung fluid after birth
- TTN typically resolves within
- 24 to 72 hours
- Meconium aspiration syndrome occurs when
- A newborn aspirates meconium-stained amniotic fluid before or during delivery
- A key risk of meconium aspiration syndrome
- Airway obstruction and chemical pneumonitis leading to respiratory distress
- Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) results from
- Failure of the normal drop in pulmonary vascular resistance after birth, causing right-to-left shunting
- Inhaled nitric oxide is used to treat PPHN because it
- Selectively dilates pulmonary vasculature to reduce pulmonary vascular resistance
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that develops in
- Premature infants, often those who required prolonged mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy
- A key strategy to reduce the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- Using the lowest effective FiO2 and tidal volume to minimize lung injury
- Apnea of prematurity is commonly treated with
- Caffeine citrate as a respiratory stimulant
- Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in neonates helps by
- Splinting the airway open and improving functional residual capacity without intubation
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