Neonatal and pediatric respiratory conditions, surfactant therapy, and specialized ventilation strategies tested on the NBRC TMC exam.
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- Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is primarily caused by
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A deficiency of pulmonary surfactant in premature infants- Surfactant's main function in the alveoli
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Reducing alveolar surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse at end-expiration- A classic chest x-ray finding in neonatal RDS
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A diffuse ground-glass appearance with air bronchograms- Antenatal corticosteroids are given to a mother in preterm labor to
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Accelerate fetal lung maturity and surfactant production- Exogenous surfactant is administered to a neonate via
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Instillation directly into the trachea through an endotracheal tube- Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is caused by
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Delayed clearance of fetal lung fluid after birth- TTN typically resolves within
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24 to 72 hours- Meconium aspiration syndrome occurs when
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A newborn aspirates meconium-stained amniotic fluid before or during delivery- A key risk of meconium aspiration syndrome
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Airway obstruction and chemical pneumonitis leading to respiratory distress- Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) results from
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Failure of the normal drop in pulmonary vascular resistance after birth, causing right-to-left shunting- Inhaled nitric oxide is used to treat PPHN because it
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Selectively dilates pulmonary vasculature to reduce pulmonary vascular resistance- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that develops in
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Premature infants, often those who required prolonged mechanical ventilation and oxygen therapy- A key strategy to reduce the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia
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Using the lowest effective FiO2 and tidal volume to minimize lung injury- Apnea of prematurity is commonly treated with
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Caffeine citrate as a respiratory stimulant- Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in neonates helps by
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Splinting the airway open and improving functional residual capacity without intubation
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