Major real historical treaties and international agreements matched with their purpose and era.
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- Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
- Ended the Thirty Years War and established national sovereignty as the foundation of international relations.
- Peace of Utrecht (1713)
- Resolved the War of Spanish Succession and redistributed European territories to establish a balance of power.
- Treaty of Paris (1783)
- Recognized American independence from Britain and transferred Florida to Spain.
- Congress of Vienna (1815)
- Reorganized Europe after Napoleon's defeat, restored the balance of power and the Concert of Europe.
- Treaty of Nanking (1842)
- Ended the First Opium War, forced China to open treaty ports and cede Hong Kong to Britain.
- Treaty of Paris (1856)
- Settled the Crimean War, reaffirmed Ottoman territorial integrity against Russian expansion.
- Treaty of Berlin (1878)
- Reorganized the Balkans after the Russo-Turkish War, created new independent states including Serbia and Romania.
- Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)
- Ended the First Sino-Japanese War, ceded Taiwan and Liaotung Peninsula to Japan, marked Japan's rise as a regional power.
- Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
- Ended the Russo-Japanese War, recognized Japan's dominance in Korea and southern Manchuria.
- Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916)
- Secret British-French accord to divide Ottoman territories in the Middle East into European spheres of influence.
- Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)
- Separate Soviet peace with Germany, withdrew Russia from World War I and ceded substantial territory including Ukraine.
- Treaty of Versailles (1919)
- Ended World War I, imposed reparations and territorial losses on Germany, established the League of Nations.
- League of Nations Covenant (1920)
- Created the first international organization for collective security and peaceful dispute resolution among nations.
- Locarno Treaties (1925)
- Guaranteed the borders between Germany, France, and Belgium, aimed at reducing European tensions.
- Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
- International agreement renouncing war as an instrument of national policy, signed by 65 nations.
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