Major real historical treaties and international agreements matched with their purpose and era.
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- Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
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Ended the Thirty Years War and established national sovereignty as the foundation of international relations.- Peace of Utrecht (1713)
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Resolved the War of Spanish Succession and redistributed European territories to establish a balance of power.- Treaty of Paris (1783)
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Recognized American independence from Britain and transferred Florida to Spain.- Congress of Vienna (1815)
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Reorganized Europe after Napoleon's defeat, restored the balance of power and the Concert of Europe.- Treaty of Nanking (1842)
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Ended the First Opium War, forced China to open treaty ports and cede Hong Kong to Britain.- Treaty of Paris (1856)
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Settled the Crimean War, reaffirmed Ottoman territorial integrity against Russian expansion.- Treaty of Berlin (1878)
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Reorganized the Balkans after the Russo-Turkish War, created new independent states including Serbia and Romania.- Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)
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Ended the First Sino-Japanese War, ceded Taiwan and Liaotung Peninsula to Japan, marked Japan's rise as a regional power.- Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
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Ended the Russo-Japanese War, recognized Japan's dominance in Korea and southern Manchuria.- Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916)
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Secret British-French accord to divide Ottoman territories in the Middle East into European spheres of influence.- Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)
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Separate Soviet peace with Germany, withdrew Russia from World War I and ceded substantial territory including Ukraine.- Treaty of Versailles (1919)
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Ended World War I, imposed reparations and territorial losses on Germany, established the League of Nations.- League of Nations Covenant (1920)
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Created the first international organization for collective security and peaceful dispute resolution among nations.- Locarno Treaties (1925)
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Guaranteed the borders between Germany, France, and Belgium, aimed at reducing European tensions.- Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
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International agreement renouncing war as an instrument of national policy, signed by 65 nations.
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