Concepts used to analyze gender differences in labor markets, such as the wage gap and occupational segregation.
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- What does the term 'wage gap' refer to?
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The difference in average earnings between men and women, typically measured as a percentage of men's earnings.- Define occupational segregation.
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The concentration of men and women in different types of jobs or occupations, limiting integration across the workforce.- What is horizontal occupational segregation?
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The concentration of men and women in entirely different occupations or career fields at the same skill level.- What is vertical occupational segregation, also called the glass ceiling?
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The underrepresentation of women in higher-ranked or better-paid positions within the same field or occupation.- What does the motherhood penalty refer to?
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The reduction in wages and career advancement opportunities that women experience after having children, compared to childless women and fathers.- Define human capital theory in the context of gender and wages.
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An economic theory that wage differences result from differences in education, training, work experience, and skills.- What is statistical discrimination in labor markets?
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Discrimination based on an employer's generalized beliefs or stereotypes about a group's productivity, even when inaccurate for individuals.- What is taste-based discrimination?
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Discrimination based on an employer's or customer's personal prejudice against a group, regardless of actual productivity or qualifications.- What is the concept of comparable worth?
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The principle that jobs requiring similar levels of skill, effort, responsibility, and working conditions should receive equal pay regardless of the gender composition of those jobs.- What does the occupational crowding hypothesis suggest?
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Gender segregation concentrates workers, particularly women, in certain occupations, increasing labor supply there and driving down wages.- Define the depreciation hypothesis related to gender and wages.
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The theory that women's wages decline more steeply over time than men's wages, particularly after career interruptions or part-time work.- What is the glass escalator effect?
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A phenomenon where men in predominantly female occupations experience faster promotion and higher wages than their female counterparts in the same field.- How is the gender wage gap typically measured?
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By comparing median or mean earnings of women to men, often expressed as women earning a percentage of men's earnings.- What is intersectionality in the context of labor markets?
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The analysis of how gender discrimination interacts with other forms of discrimination based on race, ethnicity, class, and other identities to shape economic outcomes.- What does STEM stand for in discussions of gender in the workplace?
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Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics, fields where women remain underrepresented despite similar ability levels.
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