Foundational gender studies theorists matched with their key idea or contribution.
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- Judith Butler
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Theorized gender performativity, that gender is performed through repeated actions rather than fixed at birth.- Simone de Beauvoir
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Argued that gender is not innate but constructed through social action and choice.- Kimberlé Crenshaw
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Developed the concept of intersectionality to show how race, gender, and class oppressions interconnect and compound.- Betty Friedan
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Authored The Feminine Mystique, critiquing the false ideology that women's fulfillment comes only through domestic roles.- Gloria Steinem
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Co-founded Ms. magazine and championed second-wave feminist activism and consciousness-raising.- bell hooks
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Developed engaged pedagogy, treating education as a practice of freedom that combines critical thinking with love.- Angela Davis
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Theorized the intersection of racism, sexism, and class oppression in Black women's experience and prison abolition.- Audre Lorde
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Identified the erotic, or deep embodied feeling, as a source of female power and knowledge suppressed by patriarchy.- Patricia Hill Collins
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Developed Black feminist epistemology, the idea that Black women's lived experiences provide unique insights into how power operates.- Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick
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Theorized homosocial desire and the hidden erotic dimensions of same-sex relationships in literature and culture.- Gayle Rubin
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Made the foundational distinction between biological sex and socially constructed gender, establishing a key analytical tool for feminist theory.- Joan Scott
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Conceptualized gender as an analytical category for historical analysis, revealing how power structures shape social relationships.- Carol Gilligan
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Argued that women's moral development centers on caring and connection rather than abstract universal principles.- Laura Mulvey
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Introduced the concept of the male gaze in film theory, showing how cinema structures visual pleasure around male perspective.- Catharine MacKinnon
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Analyzed sexuality as a site of subordination and male power, not a neutral identity or preference.
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