Cultural variation in cognition, self-concept, and social behavior concepts from a college cross-cultural psychology course.
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- What do Hofstede's cultural dimensions measure?
- Systematic differences in values and beliefs across national cultures.
- Define individualism as a cultural dimension.
- Emphasis on personal goals, autonomy, and individual achievement over group loyalty.
- Define collectivism as a cultural dimension.
- Emphasis on group harmony, interdependence, and family or community loyalty over personal goals.
- What is uncertainty avoidance in Hofstede's framework?
- The degree to which a culture is uncomfortable with ambiguity and seeks rules, structure, and predictability.
- What is power distance in Hofstede's framework?
- The extent to which less powerful members of society accept and expect unequal power distribution.
- What does long-term orientation emphasize?
- Future rewards, persistence, thrift, and respect for tradition and hierarchy.
- What does short-term orientation emphasize?
- Immediate gratification, personal stability, quick results, and respect for past traditions.
- What is the independent self-concept?
- The view of oneself as a unique, autonomous individual with distinct internal traits and preferences.
- What is the interdependent self-concept?
- The view of oneself as fundamentally connected to others, with identity defined through relationships and group membership.
- What is the fundamental attribution error?
- The tendency to overestimate personal factors and underestimate situational factors when explaining others' behavior.
- How does the fundamental attribution error vary across cultures?
- It is stronger in individualistic Western cultures; collectivistic cultures show more situational attribution for others' behavior.
- What is the self-serving bias?
- The tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and failures to situational factors.
- What is holistic thinking?
- Cognitive style focusing on the whole context, relationships between elements, and the interconnectedness of the field.
- What is analytic thinking?
- Cognitive style focusing on individual objects, their attributes, and logical rules, separate from context.
- Which cognitive style is more common in East Asian cultures?
- Holistic thinking, emphasizing context and relationships.