Milgram, Asch, Zimbardo, Sherif, Bandura, and others: design, findings, and ethics.
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- What was Stanley Milgram's obedience experiment designed to study?
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How far ordinary people would go in obeying authority figures, even when ordered to harm another person.- In Milgram's studies, what were participants told they were participating in?
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A study about the effects of punishment on learning.- What percentage of Milgram's participants went to the maximum 450-volt shock level?
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Approximately 65 percent (two-thirds).- What did the experimenter say when participants wanted to stop in Milgram's study?
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You have no choice, you must continue. The experiment requires you to continue. It is absolutely essential you continue.- In Milgram's telephone proximity variation, what was the obedience rate?
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Approximately 21 percent, showing that the experimenter's physical presence was crucial to obedience.- What did Solomon Asch's conformity experiments test?
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Whether people would conform to obviously incorrect group answers when under social pressure.- In Asch's line judgment task, what did participants actually do?
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Compared the length of a test line to three other lines and said which one matched, while hearing confederates give wrong answers first.- How often did participants conform to the group's wrong answer in Asch's studies?
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Approximately one-third of the time (33 percent of responses).- What did Asch find about group size and conformity pressure?
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Conformity increased with group size up to about three or four confederates, then leveled off with no further increase.- What happened in Asch's studies when one confederate gave the correct answer?
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Conformity dropped dramatically, showing that group unanimity was necessary for the conformity effect.- What was the Stanford Prison Experiment designed to investigate?
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How quickly ordinary people would adopt the roles of prisoner or guard and whether the prison environment itself causes certain behaviors.- How long was the Stanford Prison Experiment originally planned to run?
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Two weeks, but it was stopped after six days due to the guards' abusive behavior and prisoners' extreme distress.- What behaviors did guards display in Zimbardo's prison experiment?
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They became aggressive, dehumanizing, and abusive toward prisoners, using arbitrary rules and excessive punishments.- How did prisoners react in Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment?
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They became passive, obedient, depressed, and some experienced extreme stress including emotional breakdowns.- How were participants randomly assigned to be guards or prisoners in Zimbardo's study?
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A coin flip was used to ensure initial personality differences were not the cause of behavioral differences.
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