Major developmental theories and milestones across the lifespan from a college developmental psychology course.
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- What are the four stages of cognitive development in Piaget's theory?
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Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational- In Piaget's sensorimotor stage, what is the understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight called?
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Object permanence- What is the characteristic cognitive limitation of Piaget's preoperational stage where children struggle to understand that the same amount of liquid looks different in different containers?
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Lack of conservation- In Piaget's preoperational stage, what is the tendency for children to interpret the world from only their own perspective called?
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Egocentrism- What major cognitive advance marks Piaget's concrete operational stage?
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Ability to understand conservation and perform logical operations on concrete objects- In Piaget's formal operational stage, what type of thinking allows adolescents to reason about abstract concepts and hypothetical situations?
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Abstract or hypothetical reasoning- What term does Piaget use to describe a child's mental structure for organizing and interpreting information about the world?
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Schema (plural: schemas or schemata)- In Piaget's theory, what is the process called when new information is modified to fit existing schemas?
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Assimilation- How many stages of psychosocial development did Erikson propose across the entire lifespan?
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Eight- What is the central crisis of Erikson's first stage (infancy), where the infant must develop trust in caregivers?
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Trust versus mistrust- In Erikson's theory, the crisis of early childhood where toddlers gain independence through attempting tasks is called:
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Autonomy versus shame and doubt- What is the name of Erikson's stage during middle childhood where children develop competence through accomplishing school tasks?
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Industry versus inferiority- In Erikson's theory, the adolescent task is to develop a sense of personal identity, which is the crisis of:
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Identity versus role confusion- What is the central task of Erikson's young adulthood stage, focused on forming close relationships?
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Intimacy versus isolation- In Bowlby's attachment theory, what is the infant's strong emotional bond to the primary caregiver called?
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Attachment
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