AP Biology heredity and molecular genetics content including Mendelian genetics, DNA replication, transcription, and translation.
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- What does the law of segregation state?
- Allele pairs separate during gamete formation; each gamete receives one allele from each pair.
- What does the law of independent assortment state?
- Alleles of different genes assort independently during gamete formation.
- Define genotype.
- The genetic makeup of an organism; the alleles present for a trait.
- Define phenotype.
- The observable characteristics of an organism, determined by genotype and environment.
- What is a dominant allele?
- An allele that is expressed in the heterozygous condition; masks the recessive allele.
- What is a recessive allele?
- An allele only expressed in the homozygous recessive condition; masked by the dominant allele.
- What is a monohybrid cross?
- A cross between two organisms differing in only one trait.
- What is a dihybrid cross?
- A cross between two organisms differing in two traits.
- What is codominance?
- Both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygous condition; neither is dominant.
- What is incomplete dominance?
- Neither allele is completely dominant; the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate.
- What is a test cross?
- A cross between an individual expressing the dominant phenotype and a homozygous recessive individual.
- What does a Punnett square show?
- The possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a cross, and their expected frequencies.
- What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?
- Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).
- What is Chargaff's rule?
- In DNA, the amount of adenine equals thymine and the amount of guanine equals cytosine.
- Describe the structure of DNA.
- DNA is a double helix composed of two antiparallel strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.