Cross-unit AP Human Geography vocabulary and named models (demographic transition, von Thunen, gravity model) used across the exam. Front: the term or model. Back: a plain-language definition.
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- Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
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A four or five-stage model describing how populations change from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as development increases.- Natural Increase
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The rate of population growth calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate.- Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
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The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.- Infant Mortality Rate
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The number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.- Carrying Capacity
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The maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely, given available resources.- Population Pyramid
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A graph showing the distribution of a population by age and gender, used to understand population structure.- Push Factors
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Conditions or circumstances that cause people to leave their home location, such as poverty, conflict, or environmental hazards.- Pull Factors
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Conditions or circumstances that attract people to move to a new location, such as better jobs, education, or safety.- Refugee
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A person who has been forced to leave their country due to persecution, conflict, or natural disaster.- Diaspora
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A group of people with a common origin living scattered across different regions or countries outside their homeland.- Von Thunen Model
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A model explaining how land use varies with distance from an urban market, with intensive agriculture closer and extensive agriculture farther away.- Gravity Model
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A model predicting the interaction between two places based on their population sizes and the distance between them.- Burgess Model
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A concentric circle model of urban land use showing zones of residential, industrial, and commercial areas radiating from a central business district.- Hoyt Model
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A sector or wedge-shaped model of urban land use where similar land uses cluster along transportation routes radiating from the center.- Central Place Theory
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A theory explaining the distribution and size of cities based on market areas and the goods and services they provide.
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