Cross-unit AP Human Geography vocabulary and named models (demographic transition, von Thunen, gravity model) used across the exam. Front: the term or model. Back: a plain-language definition.
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- Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
- A four or five-stage model describing how populations change from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as development increases.
- Natural Increase
- The rate of population growth calculated by subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate.
- Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
- The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.
- Infant Mortality Rate
- The number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.
- Carrying Capacity
- The maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely, given available resources.
- Population Pyramid
- A graph showing the distribution of a population by age and gender, used to understand population structure.
- Push Factors
- Conditions or circumstances that cause people to leave their home location, such as poverty, conflict, or environmental hazards.
- Pull Factors
- Conditions or circumstances that attract people to move to a new location, such as better jobs, education, or safety.
- Refugee
- A person who has been forced to leave their country due to persecution, conflict, or natural disaster.
- Diaspora
- A group of people with a common origin living scattered across different regions or countries outside their homeland.
- Von Thunen Model
- A model explaining how land use varies with distance from an urban market, with intensive agriculture closer and extensive agriculture farther away.
- Gravity Model
- A model predicting the interaction between two places based on their population sizes and the distance between them.
- Burgess Model
- A concentric circle model of urban land use showing zones of residential, industrial, and commercial areas radiating from a central business district.
- Hoyt Model
- A sector or wedge-shaped model of urban land use where similar land uses cluster along transportation routes radiating from the center.
- Central Place Theory
- A theory explaining the distribution and size of cities based on market areas and the goods and services they provide.