Core cell biology, genetics, ecology, and human physiology concepts from the IB Biology syllabus. Front: the term. Back: a plain-language definition.
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- Prokaryote
- A single-celled organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles.
- Eukaryote
- An organism whose cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
- Mitochondrion
- An organelle that carries out cellular respiration and releases energy in the form of ATP.
- Ribosome
- A structure where messenger RNA is translated into proteins during protein synthesis.
- Chloroplast
- An organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place to produce glucose and oxygen.
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- A network of membranes in the cytoplasm involved in synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids.
- Golgi apparatus
- An organelle that modifies, packages, and ships proteins and lipids to their destinations.
- Lysosome
- A membrane-bound organelle containing digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.
- Nucleus
- A membrane-bound organelle containing DNA that controls the cell's activities and coordinates gene expression.
- Cytoplasm
- The gelatinous substance inside a cell that contains organelles and where chemical reactions occur.
- Plasma membrane
- A lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that controls what enters and exits the cell.
- Osmosis
- The movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from an area of higher water potential to lower water potential.
- Active transport
- The movement of particles against a concentration gradient using energy from ATP.
- Diffusion
- The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- A double-stranded molecule containing genetic instructions for life, made of nucleotides with deoxyribose sugar.