Core cell biology, genetics, ecology, and human physiology concepts from the IB Biology syllabus. Front: the term. Back: a plain-language definition.
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- Prokaryote
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A single-celled organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles.- Eukaryote
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An organism whose cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.- Mitochondrion
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An organelle that carries out cellular respiration and releases energy in the form of ATP.- Ribosome
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A structure where messenger RNA is translated into proteins during protein synthesis.- Chloroplast
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An organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place to produce glucose and oxygen.- Endoplasmic reticulum
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A network of membranes in the cytoplasm involved in synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids.- Golgi apparatus
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An organelle that modifies, packages, and ships proteins and lipids to their destinations.- Lysosome
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A membrane-bound organelle containing digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.- Nucleus
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A membrane-bound organelle containing DNA that controls the cell's activities and coordinates gene expression.- Cytoplasm
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The gelatinous substance inside a cell that contains organelles and where chemical reactions occur.- Plasma membrane
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A lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that controls what enters and exits the cell.- Osmosis
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The movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from an area of higher water potential to lower water potential.- Active transport
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The movement of particles against a concentration gradient using energy from ATP.- Diffusion
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The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
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A double-stranded molecule containing genetic instructions for life, made of nucleotides with deoxyribose sugar.
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