Key AP European History terms, movements, and events from the Congress of Vienna to the present.
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- What was the primary goal of the Congress of Vienna (1815)?
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To restore Europe to stability and balance of power after Napoleon's defeat by establishing conservative monarchical order.- What was the Concert of Europe?
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A system in which major European powers coordinated foreign policy to maintain the balance of power and suppress revolutionary movements.- What was Klemens von Metternich's primary role in post-Napoleonic Europe?
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Austrian statesman who led the Congress of Vienna and orchestrated the Concert of Europe to preserve conservative monarchical order.- What were the core principles of 19th-century conservatism?
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Preservation of monarchy, church authority, traditional social hierarchy, and opposition to rapid change and nationalism.- What were the core principles of 19th-century liberalism?
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Constitutional government, individual rights, free market economics, and representative democracy instead of absolute monarchy.- What was Romanticism in the 19th century?
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An intellectual and artistic movement emphasizing emotion, nature, imagination, and nationalism over Enlightenment rationality.- What was nationalism in 19th-century Europe?
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The ideology that peoples sharing a common culture, language, or ethnicity should form independent nation-states and govern themselves.- What was the primary cause of the Revolutions of 1830?
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Resistance to conservative restoration policies and the repression of national and liberal movements by established monarchies.- What sparked the Revolutions of 1848 across Europe?
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Economic crisis, food shortages, frustration with conservative rule, and demands for national independence and liberal constitutional reform.- What period does the Industrial Revolution in Europe span?
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Roughly 1750 to 1850, beginning in Britain and spreading across Europe, transforming production from agrarian to factory-based.- What major change did the factory system bring to European labor?
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Workers moved from rural cottage industries to urban factories, working long hours under harsh conditions for wages, creating a new industrial working class.- Who were the Luddites and what did they oppose?
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English textile workers (1811-1816) who protested against the introduction of labor-saving machinery that threatened their livelihoods.- What was the Italian Risorgimento?
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The 19th-century movement for Italian national unification and independence from foreign, primarily Austrian, rule.- What was Camillo Benso, Count Cavour's primary role in Italian unification?
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Prime Minister of Piedmont who used diplomacy and strategic alliances, especially with France, to strengthen Piedmont and drive Austrian forces from Italy.- What was Giuseppe Garibaldi's primary role in Italian unification?
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A general and nationalist who led military campaigns, notably the expedition of the Thousand in 1860 to liberate southern Italy from Bourbon rule.
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