Cross-period AP European History vocabulary used across units, from feudalism to nationalism to totalitarianism. Front: the term. Back: a plain-language definition.
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- Feudalism
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A hierarchical system of government based on loyalty bonds, where vassals pledged service to lords in exchange for land and protection- Manor
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A feudal lord's estate consisting of cultivated fields, forests, and a village, worked by serfs- Vassal
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A person who pledged loyalty and military service to a feudal lord in exchange for protection and land use- Fief
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A piece of land granted by a feudal lord to a vassal as compensation for loyalty and military service- Serf
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A laborer in feudal Europe bound to a manor and obligated to work the lord's land; unfree but with certain protections- Fealty
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The oath of loyalty and obedience sworn by a vassal to a feudal lord- Humanism
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A Renaissance movement emphasizing human potential, classical learning, and worldly experience over purely religious concerns- Patronage
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Financial support given by wealthy individuals to artists, architects, and scholars to commission works of art and learning- Reformation
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A 16th-century religious movement seeking to reform the Catholic Church, launched by Martin Luther and resulting in Protestantism- Indulgence
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A document sold by the Catholic Church claiming to reduce punishment for sins, whose sale sparked the Reformation- Counter-Reformation
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The Catholic Church's reform movement in response to Protestantism, involving the Council of Trent and missionary work- Mercantilism
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An economic policy seeking to build national wealth through trade surpluses, export maximization, and colonial accumulation- Divine right
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The political theory that a monarch's authority derives directly from God and is therefore absolute and unchallengeable- Absolutism
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A system of government in which all power is held by a single ruler who is not constrained by laws or constitutional limits- Enlightenment
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An 18th-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, individual rights, and the potential for social progress
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