Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen metabolism pathways tested on USMLE Step 1.
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- What is the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis?
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Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)- What reaction does PFK-1 catalyze?
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Fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate- Name a major allosteric activator of PFK-1.
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AMP- What two molecules allosterically inhibit PFK-1?
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ATP and citrate- What is the net ATP yield from one glucose molecule in glycolysis?
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2 ATP (net, via substrate-level phosphorylation)- How do hexokinase and glucokinase differ in substrate affinity?
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Hexokinase has a low Km (high affinity for glucose); glucokinase has a high Km (low affinity)- In which tissues is glucokinase primarily found?
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Liver and pancreatic beta cells- What hormone induces increased glucokinase gene expression in the liver?
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Insulin- What inhibits hexokinase activity?
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Its own product, glucose-6-phosphate- A deficiency of which glycolytic enzyme causes hereditary hemolytic anemia?
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Pyruvate kinase- What reaction does pyruvate kinase catalyze?
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Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, generating ATP- Which glycolytic enzyme is inhibited by arsenic poisoning?
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Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)- What is the rate-limiting enzyme of gluconeogenesis?
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Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase- What reaction does pyruvate carboxylase catalyze?
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Pyruvate to oxaloacetate- What vitamin-derived cofactor does pyruvate carboxylase require?
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Biotin
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