Nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio measurement scales and the concepts of reliability and validity in social measurement.
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- What is a nominal scale?
- A measurement scale that categorizes data into mutually exclusive categories with no inherent order.
- What is an ordinal scale?
- A measurement scale that categorizes data into ordered categories, but the distances between categories are not necessarily equal.
- What is an interval scale?
- A measurement scale with ordered categories and equal intervals between values, but no true zero point.
- What is a ratio scale?
- A measurement scale with ordered categories, equal intervals between values, and a true zero point.
- Which measurement scale has a true zero point?
- Ratio scale.
- What property distinguishes an interval scale from an ordinal scale?
- Interval scales have equal intervals between consecutive values, whereas ordinal scales do not.
- Can you calculate a meaningful average (mean) from nominal data?
- No, the mean is not appropriate for nominal data because the categories have no numerical order or value.
- Give an example of a nominal scale.
- Hair color, ethnicity, gender, or political party affiliation.
- Give an example of an ordinal scale.
- Educational attainment, military rank, or customer satisfaction ratings (poor, fair, good, excellent).
- Give an example of an interval scale.
- Temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit, standardized test scores, or IQ scores.
- Give an example of a ratio scale.
- Height, weight, age, income, or reaction time in milliseconds.
- What is reliability in measurement?
- The degree to which a measure produces consistent and stable results across different times, observers, or applications.
- What is test-retest reliability?
- The consistency of a measurement when the same instrument is administered to the same subjects at two different points in time.
- What is internal consistency reliability?
- The degree to which items within a single instrument correlate with one another and measure the same underlying construct.
- What is inter-rater reliability?
- The degree to which different observers or raters agree in their measurements or assessments of the same phenomenon.
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