Nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio measurement scales and the concepts of reliability and validity in social measurement.
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- What is a nominal scale?
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A measurement scale that categorizes data into mutually exclusive categories with no inherent order.- What is an ordinal scale?
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A measurement scale that categorizes data into ordered categories, but the distances between categories are not necessarily equal.- What is an interval scale?
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A measurement scale with ordered categories and equal intervals between values, but no true zero point.- What is a ratio scale?
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A measurement scale with ordered categories, equal intervals between values, and a true zero point.- Which measurement scale has a true zero point?
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Ratio scale.- What property distinguishes an interval scale from an ordinal scale?
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Interval scales have equal intervals between consecutive values, whereas ordinal scales do not.- Can you calculate a meaningful average (mean) from nominal data?
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No, the mean is not appropriate for nominal data because the categories have no numerical order or value.- Give an example of a nominal scale.
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Hair color, ethnicity, gender, or political party affiliation.- Give an example of an ordinal scale.
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Educational attainment, military rank, or customer satisfaction ratings (poor, fair, good, excellent).- Give an example of an interval scale.
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Temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit, standardized test scores, or IQ scores.- Give an example of a ratio scale.
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Height, weight, age, income, or reaction time in milliseconds.- What is reliability in measurement?
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The degree to which a measure produces consistent and stable results across different times, observers, or applications.- What is test-retest reliability?
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The consistency of a measurement when the same instrument is administered to the same subjects at two different points in time.- What is internal consistency reliability?
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The degree to which items within a single instrument correlate with one another and measure the same underlying construct.- What is inter-rater reliability?
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The degree to which different observers or raters agree in their measurements or assessments of the same phenomenon.
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