Core statistical vocabulary used across Six Sigma projects, including sigma level, defects per million opportunities, and process capability indices.
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- What is the target defect rate for a Six Sigma process?
- 3.4 defects per million opportunities (DPMO)
- What does DPMO stand for?
- Defects Per Million Opportunities
- What does Cp measure?
- Process capability without considering centering; compares specification width to process spread
- What does Cpk measure?
- Process capability accounting for centering; the minimum of upper and lower capability
- What does Pp measure?
- Process performance over time without assuming special causes are eliminated
- What does Ppk measure?
- Process performance accounting for centering over time
- When Cp equals Cpk, what does it indicate?
- The process is perfectly centered within the specification limits
- When Cp is greater than Cpk, what does it indicate?
- The process is off-center and not using its full capability
- What is the difference between process capability and process performance?
- Capability assumes only common cause variation present; performance includes all variation observed
- What are upper and lower control limits (UCL and LCL)?
- The statistical boundaries on a control chart; typically set at plus and minus 3 standard deviations from the mean
- What is process centering?
- The location of the process mean relative to the target or specification limits
- What is process spread?
- The width of process variation, typically measured as six standard deviations
- What is the 1.5 sigma shift concept?
- An assumption that process mean can shift by 1.5 standard deviations over time, so 6 sigma at short-term equals 4.5 sigma at long-term
- What are the five phases of DMAIC?
- Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control
- What is DMADV?
- Design for Six Sigma methodology: Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, Verify
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