Diabetes, thyroid, and adrenal disorder presentations and management decisions tested on the PANCE.
35 cards · basic cards · AI-written, checked twice. Edit anything.
- What is the underlying pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
- Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to absolute insulin deficiency.
- What is the underlying pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
- Insulin resistance combined with a relative insulin deficiency.
- What fasting plasma glucose level meets the diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus?
- 126 mg/dL or higher, confirmed on a separate occasion.
- What HbA1c value meets the diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus?
- 6.5% or higher.
- What 2 hour plasma glucose value on an oral glucose tolerance test is diagnostic for diabetes mellitus?
- 200 mg/dL or higher.
- For most patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus, ____ is the first-line pharmacologic agent.
- metformin
- Why should metformin be avoided in patients with significant renal impairment?
- It increases the risk of lactic acidosis.
- What three findings define the hallmark lab picture of diabetic ketoacidosis?
- Hyperglycemia, an anion gap metabolic acidosis, and ketosis.
- What distinguishes hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) from diabetic ketoacidosis?
- HHS has markedly higher glucose with minimal or no ketosis, and occurs mainly in type 2 diabetes.
- In the management of diabetic ketoacidosis, ____ is started before insulin therapy.
- IV fluid resuscitation
- What causes the dawn phenomenon in diabetic patients?
- Early morning hyperglycemia from a normal surge of counterregulatory hormones such as growth hormone and cortisol.
- What urine test screens for early diabetic nephropathy?
- Urine microalbumin (albumin to creatinine ratio).
- What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
- Graves disease.
- What antibody is responsible for the hyperthyroidism seen in Graves disease?
- Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI), which activates the TSH receptor.
- What two exam findings are specific to Graves disease and not seen in other causes of hyperthyroidism?
- Exophthalmos and pretibial myxedema.