Diabetes, thyroid, and adrenal disorder presentations and management decisions tested on the PANCE.
35 cards · mixed cards · AI-written, checked twice. Edit anything.
- What is the underlying pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
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Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to absolute insulin deficiency.- What is the underlying pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
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Insulin resistance combined with a relative insulin deficiency.- What fasting plasma glucose level meets the diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus?
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126 mg/dL or higher, confirmed on a separate occasion.- What HbA1c value meets the diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus?
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6.5% or higher.- What 2 hour plasma glucose value on an oral glucose tolerance test is diagnostic for diabetes mellitus?
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200 mg/dL or higher.- For most patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus, ____ is the first-line pharmacologic agent.
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metformin- Why should metformin be avoided in patients with significant renal impairment?
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It increases the risk of lactic acidosis.- What three findings define the hallmark lab picture of diabetic ketoacidosis?
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Hyperglycemia, an anion gap metabolic acidosis, and ketosis.- What distinguishes hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) from diabetic ketoacidosis?
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HHS has markedly higher glucose with minimal or no ketosis, and occurs mainly in type 2 diabetes.- In the management of diabetic ketoacidosis, ____ is started before insulin therapy.
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IV fluid resuscitation- What causes the dawn phenomenon in diabetic patients?
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Early morning hyperglycemia from a normal surge of counterregulatory hormones such as growth hormone and cortisol.- What urine test screens for early diabetic nephropathy?
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Urine microalbumin (albumin to creatinine ratio).- What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?
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Graves disease.- What antibody is responsible for the hyperthyroidism seen in Graves disease?
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Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI), which activates the TSH receptor.- What two exam findings are specific to Graves disease and not seen in other causes of hyperthyroidism?
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Exophthalmos and pretibial myxedema.
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