Electrical stimulation, ultrasound, and heat and cold therapy modality parameters and indications tested on the NPTE.
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- What is the primary purpose of NMES (neuromuscular electrical stimulation) in rehab?
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To elicit muscle contraction and prevent or reverse disuse atrophy.- What pulse frequency range is typical for conventional (high-rate) TENS?
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50 to 100 pulses per second.- Which pain theory explains the mechanism of conventional (high-rate) TENS?
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Gate control theory.- According to gate control theory, stimulating which afferent fibers closes the spinal pain gate?
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Large-diameter A-beta afferent fibers.- What pulse frequency range is typical for low-rate (acupuncture-like) TENS?
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1 to 4 pulses per second.- What pain-relief mechanism is associated with low-rate (acupuncture-like) TENS?
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Release of endogenous opioids (beta-endorphins).- What does interferential current (IFC) do with two medium-frequency currents?
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Crosses them through the tissue so they interfere, producing a lower beat frequency at the intersection.- What is a key clinical use of high volt pulsed current (HVPC)?
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Wound healing and edema reduction.- What carrier frequency is typically used in Russian current?
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About 2500 Hz.- What type of electrical current is required to stimulate a denervated muscle?
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Direct current with a long pulse duration, since the muscle lacks a functioning myoneural junction.- What is a cardiac contraindication to electrical stimulation?
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A demand-type cardiac pacemaker.- What ultrasound frequency is used to heat deeper tissue, up to about 5 cm?
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1 MHz.- What ultrasound frequency is used to heat more superficial tissue, about 1 to 2 cm deep?
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3 MHz.- What duty cycle is used for thermal (continuous) ultrasound?
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100 percent (continuous).- What duty cycle is typical for nonthermal (pulsed) ultrasound?
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About 20 percent.
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