Lifespan development theories and concepts tested on the National Counselor Examination.
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- What are the first 3 stages of Erikson's psychosocial development theory?
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Trust vs. Mistrust (0-18 months), Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (18 months-3 years), Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years).- What are the final 3 stages of Erikson's psychosocial development theory?
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Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood), Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood), Integrity vs. Despair (older adulthood).- According to Erikson, what is the central conflict of the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?
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School-age children develop competence in academic and social skills, or feel inadequate compared to peers.- What is Piaget's sensorimotor stage and when does it occur?
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The period from birth to 2 years when infants learn through senses and motor actions, developing object permanence.- Define object permanence in Piaget's theory.
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The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight or hidden from view.- What is the preoperational stage in Piaget's cognitive development theory?
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The period from ages 2-7 when children use symbols and language but lack logical operations; characterized by egocentrism and centration.- What is egocentrism in Piaget's theory?
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The inability to see from perspectives other than one's own; the belief that others perceive and experience the world exactly as you do.- What is conservation in Piaget's cognitive development theory?
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The understanding that objects or quantities remain the same even when their physical appearance or arrangement changes.- What is centration in Piaget's theory?
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The tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation or stimulus while ignoring other relevant aspects.- What is the concrete operational stage in Piaget's theory?
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The period from ages 7-12 when children develop logical thinking but can only apply it to concrete, observable situations.- What is the formal operational stage in Piaget's theory?
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The period from age 12 onward when individuals develop abstract thinking and can reason hypothetically.- What are the three levels of Kohlberg's moral development theory?
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Preconventional (obedience and punishment), Conventional (social rules and approval), Postconventional (universal principles).- What characterizes the preconventional level of moral development?
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Morality is based on avoiding punishment and seeking reward; individuals follow rules to avoid punishment or gain rewards.- What characterizes the conventional level of moral development?
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Morality is based on conforming to social rules and seeking approval; individuals follow rules because they are laws or social expectations.- What is attachment theory and who developed it?
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John Bowlby's theory that infants form a strong emotional bond with a primary caregiver, essential for healthy development.
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