Major counseling theoretical orientations and their key techniques tested on the National Counselor Examination.
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- Who is the founder of psychoanalytic theory?
- Sigmund Freud
- What is transference in psychoanalysis?
- Unconscious wishes and conflicts from the past emerging in the therapeutic relationship
- What is free association in psychoanalytic counseling?
- A technique where the client says whatever comes to mind without censoring
- What are defense mechanisms in psychoanalysis?
- Unconscious processes that protect the ego from anxiety or emotional conflict
- Who developed Adlerian theory?
- Alfred Adler
- What is inferiority complex in Adlerian theory?
- Feelings of inadequacy that motivate striving for superiority and self-improvement
- What is encouragement in Adlerian counseling?
- Affirming the client's efforts and progress rather than praising specific outcomes
- What does Adler emphasize about birth order in personality development?
- Birth order influences personality traits, coping styles, and life goals
- Who is the founder of person-centered therapy?
- Carl Rogers
- What is unconditional positive regard in person-centered counseling?
- Accepting and valuing the client without judgment, conditions, or approval-seeking
- What is congruence in person-centered therapy?
- Agreement between the counselor's authentic self and their presented self
- What is empathy in person-centered counseling?
- Accurately understanding the client's thoughts and feelings from their internal perspective
- Who developed Gestalt therapy?
- Fritz Perls
- What is the primary focus of Gestalt therapy?
- Present-moment awareness and personal responsibility for choices
- What does 'here and now' mean in Gestalt therapy?
- Focusing on current experience and sensations rather than past or future