Common vocabulary and argument types in CARS social science passages: anthropology, economics, sociology, and political thought.
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- What is comparative advantage in economics?
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The ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another producer- What does habitus mean in sociology?
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A set of ingrained dispositions, habits, and tastes acquired through socialization- What is rent-seeking behavior in economics?
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The practice of gaining wealth without creating new wealth, often through manipulation or political influence- What is ethnography?
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A descriptive study of a human society or culture conducted through direct observation and participant interaction- What is authority in political science?
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The legitimate power to make decisions and enforce compliance within a defined scope- What characterizes a perfectly competitive market?
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Many sellers, homogeneous products, free entry and exit, and no single firm can influence price- What is the structural functionalist perspective?
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The view that society is a system of interdependent parts that work together to maintain stability and order- What principle underlies most economic problems?
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Scarcity: resources are limited while human wants and needs are unlimited- What is deviance in sociology?
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Behavior that violates social norms or expectations of a group or society- What did Adam Smith mean by the invisible hand?
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The idea that individual self-interest in free markets leads to overall economic benefit for society- What did Durkheim mean by anomie?
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A state of normlessness where social norms break down, leading to alienation and deviance- What is legitimacy in political contexts?
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The quality of being recognized by the public as rightful and worthy of obedience- What is a normative claim?
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A statement about how things should be or what is right, based on values rather than facts- What is cultural relativism?
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The principle that a culture should be understood and evaluated on its own terms rather than by external standards- What does status refer to in sociology?
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A position in a social hierarchy that carries certain rights, duties, and expectations
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