Core formal logic concepts and common informal logical fallacies with a short example of each, set I.
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- What is a proposition?
- A statement that can be true or false.
- What does it mean for an argument to be valid?
- The conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.
- What is a sound argument?
- A valid argument with all true premises.
- What is a deductive argument?
- An argument where the conclusion must follow from the premises.
- What is an inductive argument?
- An argument where the conclusion probably follows from the premises.
- What is a premise?
- A statement offered as evidence to support a conclusion.
- What is a conclusion in an argument?
- The statement that is argued for based on the premises.
- What is modus ponens?
- If P then Q; P is true; therefore Q is true.
- What is modus tollens?
- If P then Q; Q is false; therefore P is false.
- What is a tautology?
- A statement that is always true regardless of circumstances.
- What is a contingent statement?
- A statement that may be true or false depending on circumstances.
- What is a logical operator?
- A word or symbol that connects propositions, such as AND, OR, or NOT.
- What is a conjunction?
- A compound statement using AND; true only when both parts are true.
- What is a disjunction?
- A compound statement using OR; true when at least one part is true.
- What is negation?
- A statement prefixed with NOT, reversing the truth value.