Atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, lichen planus, seborrheic dermatitis and urticaria: morphology, distribution, and treatment ladders.
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- What is the underlying pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis?
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Skin barrier dysfunction (e.g., filaggrin mutations) combined with immune dysregulation causing chronic pruritic inflammation.- In infants, atopic dermatitis typically affects which body sites?
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The face (cheeks) and scalp, plus extensor surfaces of the limbs.- In older children and adults, atopic dermatitis typically affects which body sites?
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Flexural folds, such as the antecubital and popliteal fossae.- What is the hallmark symptom of atopic dermatitis?
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Intense pruritus (itching).- What three conditions make up the classic atopic triad?
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Atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis.- What is first-line treatment for mild atopic dermatitis?
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Regular emollients plus topical corticosteroids.- What biologic drug is used for moderate to severe refractory atopic dermatitis?
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Dupilumab, an IL-4/IL-13 pathway inhibitor.- What are the two main categories of contact dermatitis?
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Irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis.- What is the mechanism of irritant contact dermatitis?
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Direct chemical or physical damage to the skin, not immune mediated.- What is the immune mechanism of allergic contact dermatitis?
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Type IV, delayed, cell-mediated hypersensitivity.- What is the most common allergen causing allergic contact dermatitis?
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Nickel.- What test is used to diagnose allergic contact dermatitis?
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Patch testing.- What is the standard treatment approach for contact dermatitis?
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Avoid the offending irritant or allergen, plus topical corticosteroids.- Describe the characteristic morphology of a psoriatic plaque.
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A well-demarcated erythematous plaque with silvery white scale.- What are the classic distribution sites for plaque psoriasis?
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Extensor surfaces (elbows and knees), scalp, and sacrum.
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