Membrane transport, cytoskeleton, vesicle trafficking, cell cycle checkpoints, signaling and cell junctions.
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- What does the Na+/K+ ATPase pump do in one cycle?
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Pumps 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in, using 1 ATP, maintaining electrochemical gradients.- Distinguish between active transport and passive transport.
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Passive requires no energy (diffusion, osmosis); active uses ATP to move against concentration gradient.- Name the three main types of endocytosis.
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Phagocytosis (large particles), pinocytosis (fluid), and receptor-mediated endocytosis (specific molecules).- What are microtubules composed of?
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Alpha and beta tubulin dimers polymerized into hollow cylindrical structures.- Which motor protein moves vesicles toward the plus end of microtubules?
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Kinesin (performs anterograde transport toward the cell periphery).- Which motor protein moves vesicles toward the minus end of microtubules?
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Dynein (performs retrograde transport toward the cell center).- What is the primary structural protein of microfilaments?
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Actin (forms thin filaments).- Which motor protein interacts with actin to produce muscle contraction?
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Myosin (thick filament protein).- What are intermediate filaments primarily composed of?
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Variable proteins depending on cell type: keratin (epithelial cells), vimentin (mesenchymal cells), and lamin (nuclear envelope).- What is the centrosome's primary function?
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Acts as the main microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) and nucleates microtubules.- How many microtubule doublets surround the central pair in a ciliary axoneme?
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Nine peripheral doublets surrounding a central pair (9+2 arrangement).- What are cadherins and where do they function?
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Calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecules found at adherens junctions that mediate cell-cell recognition and binding.- What type of junction allows direct cell-to-cell communication through connexons?
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Gap junctions (connexins form connexons, creating channels for ions and small molecules).- What are the main protein components of a desmosome?
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Desmogleins and desmocollins (cadherin family) linked to intermediate filaments via desmoplakins.- What proteins make up the COPII vesicle coat?
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Sar1, Sec13/Sec31, and Sec23/Sec24 proteins.
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