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Human Geography · AP

AP Human Geography: Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Agricultural systems, rural land use patterns, and von Thunen's model as tested on AP Human Geography.

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What is von Thunen's model?
A model explaining the spatial arrangement of agricultural land use around a city based on distance and transportation costs.
In von Thunen's model, what is the innermost zone of land use?
Horticulture and dairying (intensive, perishable products requiring quick transport to market).
According to von Thunen's model, what activities occupy the second ring?
Forest production and firewood (heavy but renewable, requiring shorter transport than grain).
In von Thunen's model, what is the outermost zone of land use?
Extensive livestock ranching and grain farming (low-value products that can tolerate long distances).
What is one key assumption underlying von Thunen's model?
A single central city is the only market for agricultural products.
How does transportation cost influence land use patterns in von Thunen's model?
Higher transportation costs push intensive, high-value agriculture closer to the city.
Define subsistence agriculture.
Farming where the primary goal is to feed the farmer's own family, with little or no surplus for sale.
What is pastoral nomadism?
A form of subsistence agriculture involving the herding of animals across seasonal grazing lands.
Define shifting cultivation.
A subsistence farming system in which farmers clear forest land temporarily, grow crops until fertility declines, then abandon the plot.
Which regions of the world practice shifting cultivation today?
Primarily tropical areas of Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and parts of Latin America.
What is the Green Revolution?
A transformation of global agriculture beginning in the mid-20th century, using high-yield crop varieties, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation.
When did the Green Revolution begin, and which regions adopted it first?
It began in the 1960s, first adopted in Asia (especially India and the Philippines) and Latin America.
Name one major positive outcome of the Green Revolution.
Significant increase in global food production and reduced risk of widespread famine.
Name one major negative environmental outcome of the Green Revolution.
Environmental degradation including soil depletion, water pollution from chemical runoff, and loss of agricultural biodiversity.
What is monoculture agriculture?
Growing a single crop on large areas of land, a common practice in industrial agriculture.

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