Cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and cell signaling concepts tested on AP Biology.
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- What is the overall equation for aerobic cellular respiration?
- C6H12O6 + 6O2 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + approximately 30-32 ATP
- Which organelle is the primary site of cellular respiration?
- Mitochondrion
- What does the term 'substrate-level phosphorylation' mean?
- Direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP to form ATP, without using an electron transport chain
- What is the net ATP yield from glycolysis?
- 2 ATP (4 ATP produced minus 2 ATP consumed)
- In which compartment of the mitochondrion does glycolysis occur?
- Glycolysis does not occur in the mitochondrion; it occurs in the cytoplasm
- What is the first product of glycolysis?
- Pyruvate (or pyruvic acid)
- What does NAD+ accept during glycolysis?
- Electrons (and a proton), becoming reduced to NADH
- Before entering the Krebs cycle, what happens to pyruvate?
- Pyruvate is oxidized and combines with Coenzyme A to form Acetyl-CoA, releasing CO2
- How many times does the Krebs cycle turn for each glucose molecule?
- Two times (once for each pyruvate produced by glycolysis)
- What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle?
- To extract electrons from carbon-containing molecules and release them to electron carriers (NADH and FADH2)
- Which molecule directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain?
- NADH and FADH2
- What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
- Oxygen (O2), which combines with electrons and protons to form water
- How does the electron transport chain produce ATP?
- Electrons lose energy as they move through the chain; this energy pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a gradient; protons flow back through ATP synthase, driving ATP synthesis
- Which process produces more ATP, glycolysis or the Krebs cycle?
- Neither directly; the electron transport chain produces the most ATP by far through chemiosmosis
- What is fermentation and why does it occur?
- Anaerobic cellular respiration where pyruvate is converted to lactate or ethanol to regenerate NAD+, allowing glycolysis to continue without oxygen