Taxonomic ranks, cladograms, and how biologists classify and group living things. Front: the term. Back: a plain-language definition.
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- Domain
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The highest taxonomic rank, grouping organisms by cell type and energy source, such as Bacteria, Archaea, or Eukarya.- Kingdom
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A major taxonomic rank below domain, such as Animalia, Plantae, or Fungi.- Phylum
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A taxonomic rank below kingdom that groups organisms sharing major body plan features, such as Chordata or Arthropoda.- Class
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A taxonomic rank below phylum, such as Mammalia, Aves, or Reptilia.- Order
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A taxonomic rank below class, such as Primates or Carnivora.- Family
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A taxonomic rank below order, such as Felidae or Hominidae.- Genus
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A taxonomic rank below family, used as the first part of an organism's scientific name, such as Homo or Felis.- Species
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The most specific taxonomic rank, a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, such as Homo sapiens.- Taxonomy
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The science and practice of classifying organisms into ordered groups based on evolutionary relationships and shared characteristics.- Taxon
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Any group of organisms classified together at a specific taxonomic rank, such as a genus or species.- Binomial nomenclature
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A two-part scientific naming system where the first part is the genus and the second part is the species epithet, such as Canis lupus.- Cladistics
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A classification method that groups organisms based on shared derived characters and evolutionary ancestry, creating branching diagrams of relationships.- Cladogram
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A branching diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among organisms and their common ancestors.- Clade
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A group of organisms consisting of a common ancestor and all of its descendants.- Monophyletic
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A group that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants, representing a true clade.
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