Clinical and biopsy features of nephrotic versus nephritic syndromes, major glomerulopathies, kidney stone types, and urinary tract obstruction and infection.
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- What are the four hallmark features of nephrotic syndrome?
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Heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia.- Nephrotic-range proteinuria is defined as urine protein excretion greater than ____.
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3.5 grams per day- Why does edema occur in nephrotic syndrome?
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Urinary loss of albumin lowers plasma oncotic pressure, letting fluid leak into the tissues.- Why does hyperlipidemia occur in nephrotic syndrome?
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Low plasma oncotic pressure drives the liver to increase lipoprotein synthesis.- Why are nephrotic syndrome patients prone to blood clots?
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They lose antithrombin III in the urine along with other small proteins.- What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?
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Minimal change disease.- What does electron microscopy show in minimal change disease?
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Diffuse effacement of podocyte foot processes.- On light microscopy, minimal change disease glomeruli appear ____.
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normal- How well does minimal change disease typically respond to corticosteroids?
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It usually responds very well to steroids.- What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?
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Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS).- FSGS is strongly associated with which viral infection?
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HIV infection.- What does a biopsy show in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis?
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Sclerosis and hyalinosis affecting only parts of some glomeruli (focal and segmental).- What biopsy appearance is characteristic of membranous nephropathy?
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Diffuse capillary wall thickening with a 'spike and dome' pattern from subepithelial immune deposits.- What antigen is most commonly targeted by autoantibodies in primary membranous nephropathy?
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PLA2R (phospholipase A2 receptor).- What is the characteristic glomerular lesion of diabetic nephropathy called?
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Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (nodular glomerulosclerosis).
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