Polymer formation reactions and the organic chemistry of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids taught in a college organic chemistry sequence.
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- What is addition (chain-growth) polymerization?
- Polymerization where monomers join together without the loss of any atoms.
- What is condensation (step-growth) polymerization?
- Polymerization where monomers join together with the loss of a small molecule, usually water.
- Which monomer polymerizes to form polyethylene?
- Ethylene (ethene)
- What two types of monomers react to form nylon?
- A diamine and a dicarboxylic acid
- What are the three mechanistic steps of free radical polymerization?
- Initiation, propagation, and termination
- What is the main role of a Ziegler-Natta catalyst in polymerization?
- It controls the stereochemistry (tacticity) of the growing polymer chain
- How does a thermoplastic polymer respond to heating?
- It softens and can be remelted or reshaped
- How does a thermosetting polymer respond to heating after it has cured?
- It cannot be remelted; it decomposes instead because of permanent crosslinks
- What type of bond links the repeating units of a polyester?
- Ester bonds
- What is a copolymer?
- A polymer built from two or more different kinds of monomers
- What is a monosaccharide?
- The simplest form of carbohydrate, which cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller sugar units
- What class of sugar is glucose?
- An aldohexose (a six-carbon sugar with an aldehyde group)
- What class of sugar is fructose?
- A ketohexose (a six-carbon sugar with a ketone group)
- What is the anomeric carbon of a cyclic sugar?
- The new stereocenter created when the sugar's open-chain form cyclizes
- What distinguishes the alpha anomer of a sugar from the beta anomer?
- The orientation of the OH group at the anomeric carbon relative to the CH2OH group