Vaccine types (live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, mRNA), adjuvants, and herd immunity concepts for allied health immunization roles.
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- What is a live attenuated vaccine?
- A vaccine containing a weakened form of the pathogen that can still replicate but does not typically cause disease
- Give an example of a live attenuated vaccine used against measles, mumps, and rubella.
- MMR vaccine
- Which live attenuated vaccine protects against chickenpox?
- Varicella vaccine
- Which classic live attenuated vaccine is given orally and protects against poliovirus?
- Oral polio vaccine (OPV, Sabin vaccine)
- Why are live attenuated vaccines generally avoided in severely immunocompromised patients?
- Because the weakened pathogen can still replicate and potentially cause disease in a person with a weak immune system
- What is an inactivated (killed) vaccine?
- A vaccine made from a pathogen that has been killed and cannot replicate
- Which inactivated vaccine protects against poliovirus and is given by injection?
- Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV, Salk vaccine)
- Name an inactivated vaccine used to prevent hepatitis A infection.
- Hepatitis A vaccine
- Why do inactivated vaccines often require multiple doses or booster shots?
- Because they tend to produce a weaker and shorter-lived immune response than live vaccines
- What is a subunit vaccine?
- A vaccine that contains only specific pieces (antigens), such as proteins or sugars, of a pathogen rather than the whole organism
- Which subunit vaccine uses the surface antigen of a virus to protect against liver infection?
- Hepatitis B vaccine (uses hepatitis B surface antigen)
- What is a toxoid vaccine?
- A vaccine made from an inactivated bacterial toxin rather than the whole bacterium
- Which toxoid vaccine protects against a disease caused by Clostridium tetani toxin?
- Tetanus vaccine
- Which toxoid vaccine protects against a toxin-producing throat and respiratory infection?
- Diphtheria vaccine
- What is a conjugate vaccine?
- A vaccine that links a weak polysaccharide antigen to a strong carrier protein to improve the immune response