Core physical and human geography concepts from the IB Geography syllabus. Front: the term or concept. Back: a plain-language definition.
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- Plate tectonics
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The theory that Earth's crust is divided into large plates that move slowly over the mantle.- Continental drift
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The theory that continents have moved across Earth's surface over geological time from a single landmass.- Convergent plate boundary
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A boundary where two tectonic plates move toward each other, often forming mountains or subduction zones.- Divergent plate boundary
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A boundary where two tectonic plates move apart, often forming new crust at mid-ocean ridges.- Transform plate boundary
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A boundary where two tectonic plates slide horizontally past each other.- Earthquake
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A sudden release of energy in Earth's crust, usually caused by movement along a fault line.- Volcano
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An opening in Earth's crust through which molten rock, gases, and ash can erupt.- Weathering
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The breakdown of rock in place through exposure to physical, chemical, or biological processes.- Erosion
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The wearing away and removal of rock or soil material by wind, water, or ice.- Deposition
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The laying down of sediment that has been transported by wind, water, or ice.- River delta
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A landform of deposited sediment that forms where a river meets a body of standing water.- Meander
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A pronounced bend or curve in the course of a river, typically found in its middle or lower course.- Drainage basin
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The area of land from which all surface water drains into a single river system.- Hydrological cycle
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The continuous movement of water through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.- Precipitation
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Water that falls from the atmosphere to Earth's surface as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
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