Core physical and human geography concepts from the IB Geography syllabus. Front: the term or concept. Back: a plain-language definition.
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- Plate tectonics
- The theory that Earth's crust is divided into large plates that move slowly over the mantle.
- Continental drift
- The theory that continents have moved across Earth's surface over geological time from a single landmass.
- Convergent plate boundary
- A boundary where two tectonic plates move toward each other, often forming mountains or subduction zones.
- Divergent plate boundary
- A boundary where two tectonic plates move apart, often forming new crust at mid-ocean ridges.
- Transform plate boundary
- A boundary where two tectonic plates slide horizontally past each other.
- Earthquake
- A sudden release of energy in Earth's crust, usually caused by movement along a fault line.
- Volcano
- An opening in Earth's crust through which molten rock, gases, and ash can erupt.
- Weathering
- The breakdown of rock in place through exposure to physical, chemical, or biological processes.
- Erosion
- The wearing away and removal of rock or soil material by wind, water, or ice.
- Deposition
- The laying down of sediment that has been transported by wind, water, or ice.
- River delta
- A landform of deposited sediment that forms where a river meets a body of standing water.
- Meander
- A pronounced bend or curve in the course of a river, typically found in its middle or lower course.
- Drainage basin
- The area of land from which all surface water drains into a single river system.
- Hydrological cycle
- The continuous movement of water through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
- Precipitation
- Water that falls from the atmosphere to Earth's surface as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
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