General biology concepts spanning cells, genetics, evolution, and ecology tested on the CLEP Biology exam. Front: the term. Back: a plain-language definition.
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- Cell membrane
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The outer boundary of a cell that controls what enters and exits, composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.- Nucleus
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The membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's DNA and controls cell activities.- Mitochondria
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The organelle responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration, providing energy for the cell.- Chloroplast
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The organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs, capturing light energy to make glucose.- Ribosome
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The cellular structure that synthesizes proteins by reading messenger RNA and joining amino acids together.- Endoplasmic reticulum
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A network of membrane-bound tubes involved in protein synthesis and transport within the cell.- Golgi apparatus
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The organelle that packages and ships proteins and lipids to their destinations inside or outside the cell.- Lysosome
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An organelle filled with digestive enzymes that breaks down waste materials and cellular debris.- Prokaryote
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A cell without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, typically a bacterium or archaeon.- Eukaryote
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A cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including animal, plant, and fungal cells.- DNA
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A double-stranded molecule that carries genetic instructions for all living organisms.- Gene
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A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait.- Allele
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One of two or more alternative forms of a gene at the same location on a chromosome.- Dominant allele
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An allele that is expressed in the phenotype even when paired with a recessive allele.- Recessive allele
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An allele that is only expressed in the phenotype when two copies are present.
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