The historical development of ethical thought from ancient Greek ethics through modern moral philosophy.
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- Who is credited as the founder of Western philosophy and sought truth through dialogue with Athenians?
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Socrates- What did Socrates believe was the highest human good and the basis of all virtue?
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Knowledge (or understanding)- What was Plato's name for the ultimate, unchanging reality that underlies all physical things?
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The Form of the Good (or the Good itself)- According to Aristotle, what is the highest human good and the goal of ethics?
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Eudaimonia (often translated as happiness or flourishing)- What did Aristotle call the middle ground between two extremes of behavior?
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The golden mean (or mean)- Which ancient Greek school of thought taught that virtue is the highest good and the only true path to happiness?
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Stoicism- What did Epicurus argue was the goal of life, contrary to popular misconception?
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Pleasure, but understood as freedom from pain and fear, especially through simple living- What natural law theory did Augustine develop that connected ethics to divine order?
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The idea that moral law reflects God's eternal law and can be known through reason- Which medieval philosopher synthesized Aristotelian ethics with Christian theology?
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Thomas Aquinas- According to Hobbes, what is the natural human condition without a social contract?
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A state of war of all against all, where life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short- What did Hobbes argue people rationally agree to create in order to escape the state of nature?
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An absolute sovereign authority (the Leviathan)- What theory of ethics did David Hume develop that emphasized emotion over reason?
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Sentimentalism (or moral sentiment)- What did Immanuel Kant call the fundamental principle of all moral action?
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The categorical imperative- What is the name of Kant's ethical theory based on duty and universal rational principles?
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Deontological ethics (or deontology)- Who founded utilitarianism as an ethical theory focused on the greatest happiness for the greatest number?
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Jeremy Bentham
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