Theories of justice and the philosophical basis for human rights, framed as balanced ethical debates.
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- What is distributive justice?
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The fair allocation of resources, benefits, and burdens among members of a society.- Define procedural justice.
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Justice focused on the fairness of processes and procedures used to make decisions, rather than outcomes.- What does John Rawls' veil of ignorance require?
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Making principles of justice while imagining you do not know your own position in society.- In Rawlsian theory, what is the difference principle?
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Inequalities are just only if they benefit the least advantaged members of society.- What are natural rights?
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Rights that people possess by virtue of being human, not granted by government or society.- Distinguish negative rights from positive rights.
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Negative rights require others to refrain from interference; positive rights require others to provide something.- What is libertarianism's core claim about justice?
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Justice requires respecting individual liberty and property rights, with minimal state interference.- Name Robert Nozick's major work on rights and justice.
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Anarchy, State, and Utopia- What does utilitarianism say about justice?
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Actions and policies are just if they maximize overall happiness or well-being for the greatest number.- What is communitarianism's main critique of liberal justice theory?
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It argues that justice theories cannot ignore how people are embedded in communities and social practices.- Explain inalienable rights.
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Rights that cannot be surrendered, transferred, or taken away, even by consent or contract.- What does Locke argue about the origin of rights?
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People have natural rights to life, liberty, and property that precede and limit government.- Define retributive justice.
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Justice based on proportional punishment, where wrongdoing merits a response proportional to the harm caused.- What is restorative justice?
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A justice approach focused on repairing harm and restoring relationships between offenders, victims, and communities.- Distinguish between formal and substantive equality.
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Formal equality means identical treatment; substantive equality means outcomes that account for different circumstances.
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