Moral realism versus anti-realism, the is-ought problem, and moral relativism from an intro ethics course.
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- What is moral realism?
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The view that moral facts exist objectively, independent of what anyone believes or feels about them.- What is moral anti-realism?
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The view that moral facts do not exist objectively; morality is not part of the mind-independent world.- What is Hume's law?
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The principle that a conclusion about what ought to be the case cannot be deduced from premises about what is the case, without an additional evaluative premise.- What is the is-ought problem?
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The challenge of deriving normative conclusions (what we should do) from purely descriptive premises (what is the case).- What is moral relativism?
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The view that moral judgments are not universally true but are relative to culture, individual perspective, or historical context.- What is cultural relativism in ethics?
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The view that moral judgments are valid relative to the norms and values of a particular culture.- What is moral subjectivism?
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The view that moral judgments are based on individual preferences, emotions, or attitudes rather than objective facts.- What is moral error theory?
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The view that all moral judgments are false because they presuppose that objective moral facts exist, but no such facts actually exist.- What is moral non-cognitivism?
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The view that moral judgments do not express beliefs or propositions that can be true or false; they express attitudes, commands, or emotions instead.- What is moral cognitivism?
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The view that moral judgments express beliefs or propositions that can be true or false.- What is moral expressivism?
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A form of non-cognitivism holding that moral judgments express the speaker's emotions, attitudes, or commitments rather than factual claims.- What is moral prescriptivism?
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The view that moral judgments are prescriptions or commands that express the speaker's attitudes, not descriptions of facts.- What is moral constructivism?
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The view that moral facts are constructed by human practices, reasoning, or agreement rather than discovered independently.- What is moral naturalism?
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The view that moral properties are natural properties that can be studied scientifically, or that moral facts can be reduced to natural facts.- What is moral non-naturalism?
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The view that moral properties are not reducible to natural properties; moral facts are sui generis or transcend the natural world.
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