Core AP Statistics vocabulary: distributions, sampling, inference, hypothesis testing.
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- Describe a normal distribution.
- Symmetric, bell-shaped distribution determined by mean and standard deviation.
- What does a z-score represent?
- Number of standard deviations a value is from the mean.
- Define the binomial distribution.
- Distribution for a fixed number of independent trials with two outcomes and constant probability.
- In statistics, what is a parameter?
- Numerical characteristic of a population.
- What is a statistic in sampling?
- Numerical characteristic calculated from a sample.
- What is a sampling distribution?
- Distribution of all possible values of a sample statistic.
- Define standard error.
- Standard deviation of a sampling distribution.
- State the Central Limit Theorem.
- For large samples, sample means approximately follow a normal distribution.
- What is a confidence interval?
- Range of values likely containing the population parameter at a stated confidence level.
- What is margin of error?
- Half the width of a confidence interval, reflecting sampling variability.
- What is hypothesis testing?
- Formal procedure using sample data to test a claim about a population.
- Define the null hypothesis.
- Statement of no effect or no difference; the default assumption in testing.
- What is the alternative hypothesis?
- Claim being tested for; contradicts the null hypothesis.
- In hypothesis testing, what is the p-value?
- Probability of observing data this extreme or more extreme if the null hypothesis is true.
- What is a Type I error?
- Rejecting a true null hypothesis; probability equals alpha.