Core AP Statistics vocabulary: distributions, sampling, inference, hypothesis testing.
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- Describe a normal distribution.
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Symmetric, bell-shaped distribution determined by mean and standard deviation.- What does a z-score represent?
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Number of standard deviations a value is from the mean.- Define the binomial distribution.
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Distribution for a fixed number of independent trials with two outcomes and constant probability.- In statistics, what is a parameter?
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Numerical characteristic of a population.- What is a statistic in sampling?
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Numerical characteristic calculated from a sample.- What is a sampling distribution?
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Distribution of all possible values of a sample statistic.- Define standard error.
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Standard deviation of a sampling distribution.- State the Central Limit Theorem.
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For large samples, sample means approximately follow a normal distribution.- What is a confidence interval?
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Range of values likely containing the population parameter at a stated confidence level.- What is margin of error?
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Half the width of a confidence interval, reflecting sampling variability.- What is hypothesis testing?
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Formal procedure using sample data to test a claim about a population.- Define the null hypothesis.
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Statement of no effect or no difference; the default assumption in testing.- What is the alternative hypothesis?
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Claim being tested for; contradicts the null hypothesis.- In hypothesis testing, what is the p-value?
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Probability of observing data this extreme or more extreme if the null hypothesis is true.- What is a Type I error?
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Rejecting a true null hypothesis; probability equals alpha.
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