Each antihypertensive class, mechanism, contraindications and signature adverse effects such as ACE inhibitor cough.
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- What is the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors?
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They block angiotensin-converting enzyme, preventing conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.- ACE inhibitors cause a dry, persistent cough because they increase levels of ____.
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bradykinin- What rare but life-threatening ACE inhibitor side effect involves swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or airway?
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Angioedema- Why are ACE inhibitors contraindicated in pregnancy?
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They can cause fetal kidney damage and other birth defects.- What electrolyte abnormality can ACE inhibitors cause due to reduced aldosterone release?
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Hyperkalemia- Most ACE inhibitor generic drug names end in which suffix?
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-pril (for example, lisinopril, enalapril)- What is the mechanism of action of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?
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They block angiotensin II from binding to AT1 receptors.- Are ARBs safe to use during pregnancy?
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No, they are contraindicated due to risk of fetal harm, similar to ACE inhibitors.- Why do ARBs typically not cause the dry cough seen with ACE inhibitors?
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They do not increase bradykinin levels.- Most ARB generic drug names end in which suffix?
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-sartan (for example, losartan, valsartan)- What is the mechanism of action of thiazide diuretics?
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They inhibit sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule.- What electrolyte abnormality is a common side effect of thiazide diuretics?
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Hypokalemia- What metabolic side effect can thiazide diuretics cause, especially in diabetic patients?
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Hyperglycemia- What condition can thiazide diuretics worsen due to increased uric acid levels?
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Gout- Why should thiazide diuretics be used cautiously in patients with a sulfa allergy?
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Thiazides are sulfonamide derivatives and may cause cross-reactivity.
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