unique_ptr, shared_ptr, weak_ptr, RAII, ownership semantics, exception safety and resource management idioms.
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- What ownership rule does unique_ptr enforce?
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Exclusive ownership; only one unique_ptr can own a resource at a time- How do you transfer ownership between unique_ptrs?
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Use move semantics with std::move or return a unique_ptr from a function- What is the typical memory overhead of unique_ptr compared to a raw pointer?
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Zero or minimal; only when using a non-empty custom deleter does it add size- Can unique_ptr be copy-constructed or copy-assigned?
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No; unique_ptr is move-only, copying is explicitly deleted- What happens when a unique_ptr goes out of scope?
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Its destructor calls the deleter (usually delete) on the owned resource- How do you get a raw pointer from unique_ptr without transferring ownership?
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Call the get() member function- What is a custom deleter in unique_ptr?
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A callable object passed as a template parameter to customize resource destruction- How does unique_ptr manage arrays differently from single objects?
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Use unique_ptr<T[]> for arrays; it provides operator[] and disables operator*- What is reference counting in shared_ptr?
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A count of how many shared_ptr instances own the same resource; deletion occurs when count reaches zero- What is the fundamental difference between shared_ptr and unique_ptr?
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shared_ptr allows multiple pointers to own the same resource; unique_ptr allows only one owner- What is a control block in shared_ptr?
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A shared data structure holding the reference count, weak count, and deleter- How many internal pointers does a shared_ptr typically maintain?
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Two: one to the resource and one to the control block- What is the most efficient way to create a shared_ptr?
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Use std::make_shared, which allocates the control block and resource in one operation- What does use_count() return on a shared_ptr?
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The current number of shared_ptr instances that share ownership of the resource- What memory problem can occur when two shared_ptrs point to each other?
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A cyclic reference prevents either from being deleted, creating a memory leak
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