Function and class templates, specialization, variadic templates, type traits, SFINAE and C++20 concepts.
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- What does a function template allow you to do?
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Define a function that works with multiple data types by using type parameters instead of specific types.- How do you declare a function template?
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Use the template keyword followed by angle brackets containing type parameters: template<typename T> returnType functionName(T param) { }- What is template instantiation?
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The process of creating a concrete function or class from a template by substituting actual types for template parameters.- What is template argument deduction?
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The compiler automatically determines what template arguments to use based on the function arguments passed at the call site.- What are explicit template arguments?
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Template arguments you specify directly in angle brackets when calling a function template, overriding automatic deduction.- What is a class template?
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A blueprint for creating classes that work with different data types, declared with the template keyword and type parameters.- How do you define a member function of a class template outside the class?
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Use template<typename T> and scope resolution: template<typename T> ReturnType ClassName<T>::memberName(params) { }- What is a template member function?
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A member function inside a class (template or not) that is itself a template with its own type parameters.- What is full template specialization?
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A complete specialization where all template parameters are replaced with concrete types, providing a custom implementation for specific types.- What is partial template specialization?
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A specialization where some template parameters remain generic while others are constrained, allowing matching multiple related types.- Can you partially specialize function templates?
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No, function templates do not support partial specialization, only full specialization. Use overloading as an alternative.- How does template specialization affect overload resolution?
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More specialized versions are preferred over general templates. Full specialization is preferred over partial, and partial over the general template.- What is a variadic template parameter pack?
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A template parameter that can accept a variable number of arguments, declared as typename... Args or class... Args.- How do you expand a parameter pack?
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Use the pack name followed by an ellipsis in a context where expansion makes sense, such as in function arguments or template arguments.- What is a base case in a variadic template?
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A specialization or overload that terminates recursion by handling zero arguments, preventing infinite instantiation.
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