Acute coronary syndromes, heart failure, arrhythmias, hemodynamic monitoring, ARDS and mechanical ventilation as tested on CCRN.
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- What ECG finding defines a STEMI?
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ST segment elevation of at least 1 mm in two or more contiguous leads.- When do troponin levels typically begin to rise after myocardial injury?
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About 3 to 6 hours after the onset of injury.- Why is nitroglycerin avoided in a suspected right ventricular infarction?
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The RV depends on preload, and nitrates reduce preload, causing severe hypotension.- What is the door to balloon time goal for STEMI treated with PCI?
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90 minutes or less.- A posterior MI typically shows what finding in leads V1 through V3?
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ST segment depression (a reciprocal change).- What does the Killip classification describe?
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The severity of heart failure following an acute myocardial infarction.- What ejection fraction defines heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)?
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An EF of less than 40 percent.- Why does BNP rise in heart failure?
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Ventricular stretch from volume and pressure overload triggers its release.- What does pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) estimate?
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Left atrial pressure, which reflects left ventricular preload.- What is the normal range for pulmonary artery wedge pressure?
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About 6 to 12 mmHg.- What is the normal range for central venous pressure (CVP)?
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About 2 to 8 mmHg.- How is cardiac index calculated?
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Cardiac output divided by body surface area.- What is the normal range for cardiac index?
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About 2.5 to 4.0 L/min/m2.- What pressure does a pulmonary artery (Swan-Ganz) catheter measure directly?
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Pulmonary artery pressure.- Afterload is defined as ____.
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the resistance the ventricle must overcome to eject blood
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