AP Physics 2 fluid statics, thermodynamics, and wave concepts explained conceptually, extending the AP Physics 1 decks.
38 cards · basic cards · AI-written, checked twice. Edit anything.
- What does Pascal's principle state?
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A change in pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid.- What is hydrostatic pressure at depth h in a fluid?
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P = P0 + ρgh, where ρ is density, g is gravitational acceleration, and h is depth.- State Archimedes' principle.
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The buoyant force on an object equals the weight of the fluid it displaces.- When does an object float in equilibrium?
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When the buoyant force equals the weight of the object (weight of displaced fluid equals weight of object).- What is the continuity equation for incompressible flow?
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A1v1 = A2v2, where A is cross-sectional area and v is fluid speed.- State Bernoulli's equation in terms of energy.
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P + (1/2)ρv² + ρgh = constant along a streamline.- What does Bernoulli's equation predict about pressure in faster-moving fluid?
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Pressure is lower in faster-moving regions of fluid.- Define viscosity.
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The resistance of a fluid to flow due to internal friction between its layers.- What is the difference between gauge pressure and absolute pressure?
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Absolute pressure includes atmospheric pressure; gauge pressure is measured relative to atmospheric pressure (Pabs = Pgauge + Patm).- What is surface tension?
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The tendency of liquid surfaces to minimize area due to intermolecular forces, acting like an elastic membrane.- Distinguish between heat and temperature.
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Temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy of particles; heat is energy transfer due to temperature difference.- State the first law of thermodynamics.
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ΔU = Q - W, where ΔU is change in internal energy, Q is heat added to the system, and W is work done by the system.- State the second law of thermodynamics.
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The entropy of an isolated system always increases; heat flows spontaneously from hot to cold, not the reverse.- What is specific heat capacity?
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The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one unit mass by one degree Celsius (or Kelvin).- What is latent heat?
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The energy required per unit mass to change the state of a substance (e.g., liquid to gas) at constant temperature.
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