Homeostasis, osmoregulation, circulation, respiration, thermoregulation and comparative organ systems across animals.
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- What is homeostasis?
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The maintenance of stable internal conditions despite external environmental changes- Define negative feedback in physiological systems
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A response that counteracts a change from set point, returning conditions to normal- How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
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Positive feedback amplifies a change away from normal; negative feedback opposes it- What is osmoregulation?
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The control of water and salt balance in an organism's body fluids- How do freshwater fish manage osmoregulation?
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They absorb water through osmosis, produce dilute urine, and absorb ions through gills- How do saltwater fish manage osmoregulation?
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They lose water through osmosis, drink seawater, and excrete excess salt through gills and concentrated urine- What is an open circulatory system?
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Blood flows from the heart into body cavities where tissues are bathed directly in hemolymph- What is a closed circulatory system?
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Blood flows through vessels; heart pumps blood through arteries, capillaries and veins- Describe a fish heart structure
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Single-loop circulation with a two-chambered heart: one atrium and one ventricle- Describe an amphibian heart structure
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Three-chambered heart with two atria and one ventricle; some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood- Describe a reptile heart structure
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Three-chambered heart with partial ventricular separation; reduces blood mixing compared to amphibians- Describe a mammal heart structure
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Four-chambered heart with two atria and two ventricles; complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood- Describe a bird heart structure
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Four-chambered heart like mammals with complete blood separation; supports higher metabolic rates- What are gills and how do they function?
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Respiratory structures with large surface area where water flows past thin epithelial membranes for gas exchange- What is countercurrent flow in fish gills?
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Blood flows opposite to water flow, maximizing concentration gradient and oxygen extraction efficiency
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