Common congenital heart defects and their key clinical features.
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- What is congenital heart disease?
- A structural heart defect present at birth.
- The most common congenital heart defect is ____.
- ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is an abnormal opening between which two heart chambers?
- The left ventricle and the right ventricle.
- What type of murmur is classically heard with a VSD?
- A harsh, holosystolic (pansystolic) murmur.
- What is an atrial septal defect (ASD)?
- An abnormal opening between the left and right atria.
- What classic auscultation finding suggests an ASD?
- A fixed, widely split S2.
- What is the most common type of ASD?
- Ostium secundum ASD.
- What is patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
- Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth.
- What type of murmur is heard with a PDA?
- A continuous, 'machinery' murmur.
- Name a major risk factor for patent ductus arteriosus.
- Premature birth.
- Which maternal infection during pregnancy is linked to PDA?
- Rubella (German measles).
- What medication is used to help close a PDA?
- Indomethacin (a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor).
- In Tetralogy of Fallot, what does 'overriding aorta' mean?
- The aorta sits above both ventricles, receiving blood from each.
- What is the main clinical sign caused by Tetralogy of Fallot?
- Cyanosis (a 'blue baby').
- What position provides relief during a tet spell?
- Squatting.