Common congenital heart defects and their key clinical features.
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- What is congenital heart disease?
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A structural heart defect present at birth.- The most common congenital heart defect is ____.
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ventricular septal defect (VSD)- A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is an abnormal opening between which two heart chambers?
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The left ventricle and the right ventricle.- What type of murmur is classically heard with a VSD?
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A harsh, holosystolic (pansystolic) murmur.- What is an atrial septal defect (ASD)?
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An abnormal opening between the left and right atria.- What classic auscultation finding suggests an ASD?
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A fixed, widely split S2.- What is the most common type of ASD?
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Ostium secundum ASD.- What is patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
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Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth.- What type of murmur is heard with a PDA?
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A continuous, 'machinery' murmur.- Name a major risk factor for patent ductus arteriosus.
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Premature birth.- Which maternal infection during pregnancy is linked to PDA?
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Rubella (German measles).- What medication is used to help close a PDA?
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Indomethacin (a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor).- In Tetralogy of Fallot, what does 'overriding aorta' mean?
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The aorta sits above both ventricles, receiving blood from each.- What is the main clinical sign caused by Tetralogy of Fallot?
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Cyanosis (a 'blue baby').- What position provides relief during a tet spell?
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Squatting.
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