Value versus reference types, properties, initializers, protocols, extensions, enums with associated values and generics.
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- What is a struct in Swift?
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A value type that groups related data and behavior together.- What is a class in Swift?
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A reference type that defines a blueprint for creating objects with properties and methods.- Are structs value types or reference types?
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Value types. Each copy has its own independent data.- Are classes value types or reference types?
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Reference types. Multiple references point to the same object in memory.- What happens when you assign a struct to another variable?
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A copy is made. Changes to one do not affect the other.- What happens when you assign a class instance to another variable?
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The new variable references the same object. Both point to the same data.- Where are struct instances stored in memory?
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On the stack.- Where are class instances stored in memory?
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On the heap. The stack stores a reference to the object.- When should you use a struct instead of a class?
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When you need a value type with no inheritance, simple data storage, or copy semantics.- When should you use a class instead of a struct?
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When you need reference semantics, inheritance, or shared state across references.- What is a stored property?
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A property that stores a value as part of the instance, like a variable.- What is a computed property?
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A property that calculates its value each time it is accessed, defined with get or get/set.- What does the willSet property observer do?
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It is called just before a stored property's value is set.- What does the didSet property observer do?
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It is called immediately after a stored property's value is set.- What is a lazy stored property?
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A property whose initial value is not computed until the first time it is accessed.
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