Random, stratified, cluster, and convenience sampling, and how observational studies differ from experiments. Front: the term. Back: a plain-language definition.
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- Random sampling
- A sampling method where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.
- Stratified sampling
- A sampling method where the population is divided into subgroups (strata) and random samples are taken from each stratum.
- Cluster sampling
- A sampling method where the population is divided into clusters, some clusters are randomly selected, and all members within those clusters are included in the sample.
- Convenience sampling
- A sampling method where individuals who are readily available or easy to reach are selected for the sample.
- Systematic sampling
- A sampling method where every kth member of the population is selected after a random starting point.
- Simple random sample
- A sample where every possible subset of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
- Observational study
- A study in which researchers observe and record data without manipulating or assigning any treatments to subjects.
- Experiment
- A study in which researchers actively manipulate an independent variable and randomly assign subjects to different conditions to test its effect.
- Sampling bias
- Bias that occurs when the method used to select a sample systematically favors certain outcomes or population members over others.
- Population
- The complete group of individuals or items that a researcher is interested in studying.
- Sample
- A subset of the population that is selected for a study.
- Parameter
- A numerical characteristic of a population, such as the population mean or population standard deviation.
- Statistic
- A numerical characteristic of a sample, such as the sample mean or sample standard deviation.
- Sampling frame
- A list or database of all individuals or items in the population from which a sample will be drawn.
- Selection bias
- Bias that occurs when the process of selecting subjects for a study systematically favors certain types of individuals.