Random, stratified, cluster, and convenience sampling, and how observational studies differ from experiments. Front: the term. Back: a plain-language definition.
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- Random sampling
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A sampling method where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.- Stratified sampling
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A sampling method where the population is divided into subgroups (strata) and random samples are taken from each stratum.- Cluster sampling
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A sampling method where the population is divided into clusters, some clusters are randomly selected, and all members within those clusters are included in the sample.- Convenience sampling
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A sampling method where individuals who are readily available or easy to reach are selected for the sample.- Systematic sampling
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A sampling method where every kth member of the population is selected after a random starting point.- Experiment
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A study in which researchers actively manipulate an independent variable and randomly assign subjects to different conditions to test its effect.- Sampling bias
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Bias that occurs when the method used to select a sample systematically favors certain outcomes or population members over others.- Population
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The complete group of individuals or items that a researcher is interested in studying.- Sampling frame
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A list or database of all individuals or items in the population from which a sample will be drawn.- Selection bias
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Bias that occurs when the process of selecting subjects for a study systematically favors certain types of individuals.- Response bias
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Bias that occurs when subjects' responses to survey questions or measurements do not accurately represent their true characteristics or beliefs.- Non-response bias
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Bias that occurs when individuals selected for a study choose not to participate, and those who do not respond differ systematically from those who do.- Treatment group
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The group in an experiment that receives the experimental treatment or intervention being tested.- Confounding variable
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A variable that affects the outcome but is not the variable being studied, and whose effects cannot be separated from the effects of the independent variable.- Experimental unit
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The smallest unit to which a treatment is applied in an experiment, such as an individual subject or a plot of land.
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