Foundational AP Statistics vocabulary spanning data collection, probability, and inference. Front: the term. Back: a plain-language definition.
37 cards · basic cards · AI-written, checked twice. Edit anything.
- Population
- All individuals or objects of interest in a study
- Sample
- A subset of the population selected for study
- Parameter
- A numerical characteristic of a population
- Statistic
- A numerical characteristic of a sample
- Bias
- Systematic error that favors one outcome or response
- Sampling error
- The difference between a sample statistic and the true population parameter
- Simple random sample
- A sample where every possible sample of the same size has an equal chance of being selected
- Stratified random sample
- The population is divided into groups (strata), then a random sample is taken from each group
- Cluster sample
- The population is divided into clusters, entire clusters are randomly selected, and all individuals in selected clusters are included
- Systematic sample
- Select every kth element from an ordered list after randomly choosing a starting point
- Experimental design
- A study where the researcher assigns treatments to subjects to measure the effect
- Observational study
- A study where the researcher collects data on subjects without assigning treatments
- Treatment
- The condition or intervention applied to subjects in an experiment
- Control group
- The group of subjects that receives no treatment or a standard treatment for comparison
- Randomization
- The random assignment of subjects to treatment and control groups to reduce bias