Foundational AP Statistics vocabulary spanning data collection, probability, and inference. Front: the term. Back: a plain-language definition.
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- Population
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All individuals or objects of interest in a study- Sample
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A subset of the population selected for study- Parameter
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A numerical characteristic of a population- Statistic
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A numerical characteristic of a sample- Bias
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Systematic error that favors one outcome or response- Sampling error
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The difference between a sample statistic and the true population parameter- Simple random sample
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A sample where every possible sample of the same size has an equal chance of being selected- Stratified random sample
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The population is divided into groups (strata), then a random sample is taken from each group- Cluster sample
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The population is divided into clusters, entire clusters are randomly selected, and all individuals in selected clusters are included- Systematic sample
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Select every kth element from an ordered list after randomly choosing a starting point- Experimental design
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A study where the researcher assigns treatments to subjects to measure the effect- Observational study
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A study where the researcher collects data on subjects without assigning treatments- Treatment
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The condition or intervention applied to subjects in an experiment- Control group
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The group of subjects that receives no treatment or a standard treatment for comparison- Randomization
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The random assignment of subjects to treatment and control groups to reduce bias
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