Strain, social learning, labeling, routine activity, and policy implications.
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- Who developed strain theory in the 1930s-1940s?
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Robert Merton- What is strain theory's core explanation of crime?
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Crime results from the gap between cultural goals and socially acceptable means to achieve them- Who expanded strain theory beyond economic goals?
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Robert Agnew- What are the three main sources of strain in Agnew's theory?
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Failure to achieve goals, removal of positive stimuli, presentation of negative stimuli- What is innovation as an adaptation to strain?
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Accepting cultural goals but rejecting or bypassing legitimate means to achieve them- What is retreatism as an adaptation to strain?
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Rejecting both cultural goals and legitimate means, withdrawing from society- What policy approach does strain theory suggest?
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Creating legitimate opportunities and programs for success to reduce strain- What is a major limitation of strain theory?
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It does not explain why most people experiencing strain do not commit crime- Who developed differential association theory?
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Edwin Sutherland- What is the core principle of differential association?
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Criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others who define crime favorably- Who reformulated differential association using behaviorist concepts?
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Ronald Akers- What are the four main concepts in Akers' social learning theory?
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Differential association, definitions, differential reinforcement, imitation- What is differential reinforcement in social learning?
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Crime is more likely when rewards for criminal behavior outweigh punishments- What do definitions mean in social learning theory?
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Attitudes and beliefs about whether particular behavior is good, bad, or justified- What is imitation in social learning theory?
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Learning crime by observing and copying others' behavior directly
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