Seizure classification, epilepsy syndromes, EEG patterns, antiseizure drug selection and adverse effects, and status epilepticus stepwise treatment.
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- What distinguishes a focal aware seizure from other focal seizures?
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Consciousness and awareness are fully preserved during the seizure.- What is a focal impaired awareness seizure?
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A focal seizure during which consciousness or awareness is altered.- What are the two phases of a generalized tonic-clonic seizure?
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A tonic phase of sustained muscle contraction followed by a clonic phase of rhythmic jerking.- What are the key clinical features of a typical absence seizure?
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A brief staring spell with abrupt onset and offset, no aura, and no postictal confusion.- What is a myoclonic seizure?
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A sudden, brief, shock-like jerk of a muscle or muscle group without loss of consciousness.- What is an atonic seizure also commonly called?
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A drop attack, caused by sudden loss of muscle tone.- What happens to muscle tone during a tonic seizure?
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It suddenly increases, causing sustained stiffening of the muscles.- What term describes a focal seizure that spreads to become a generalized tonic-clonic seizure?
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A focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizure, previously called secondary generalization.- What is Todd's paralysis?
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Transient focal weakness in the body part involved in a seizure, occurring after the seizure ends.- At what age does childhood absence epilepsy typically begin?
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Around 4 to 10 years old, with peak onset at about 5 to 7 years.- When do the myoclonic jerks of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy typically occur?
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Shortly after awakening in the morning.- What is the first-line antiseizure medication for juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?
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Valproate, though lamotrigine or levetiracetam are preferred in women of childbearing age.- What is the classic triad of West syndrome?
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Infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia on EEG, and developmental regression.- What age group is typically affected by Lennox-Gastaut syndrome?
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Children, usually presenting between ages 3 and 5.- What EEG pattern is characteristic of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome?
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Slow generalized spike-and-wave discharges, less than 2.5 Hz.
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