Electrolyte imbalances (hyper/hypo for Na, K, Ca, Mg) with their classic signs and symptoms.
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- Define hyponatremia
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Serum sodium level below 135 mEq/L- What is the classic neurological sign of hyponatremia?
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Confusion and altered mental status- Hyponatremia causes what type of headache?
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Severe headache, often accompanied by nausea- A patient with acute severe hyponatremia may develop what life-threatening condition?
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Seizures and cerebral edema- Define hypernatremia
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Serum sodium level above 145 mEq/L- What is the primary symptom patients report with hypernatremia?
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Intense thirst- Hypernatremia causes what oral finding?
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Dry, sticky mucous membranes- Mental status changes in hypernatremia typically progress from confusion to what?
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Lethargy, then coma and convulsions- Define hypokalemia
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Serum potassium level below 3.5 mEq/L- What is a primary cardiac finding in hypokalemia on ECG?
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Flattened T waves, U waves, ST depression- Hypokalemia commonly causes what type of cardiac arrhythmia?
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Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) and atrial fibrillation- What skeletal muscle symptom is classic for hypokalemia?
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Weakness and muscle cramps- Hypokalemia causes which GI symptom?
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Constipation and decreased bowel motility- Define hyperkalemia
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Serum potassium level above 5.0 mEq/L- What is the classic ECG finding in hyperkalemia?
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Peaked T waves
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