Electrolyte imbalances (hyper/hypo for Na, K, Ca, Mg) with their classic signs and symptoms.
40 cards · basic cards · AI-written, checked twice. Edit anything.
- Define hyponatremia
- Serum sodium level below 135 mEq/L
- What is the classic neurological sign of hyponatremia?
- Confusion and altered mental status
- Hyponatremia causes what type of headache?
- Severe headache, often accompanied by nausea
- A patient with acute severe hyponatremia may develop what life-threatening condition?
- Seizures and cerebral edema
- Define hypernatremia
- Serum sodium level above 145 mEq/L
- What is the primary symptom patients report with hypernatremia?
- Intense thirst
- Hypernatremia causes what oral finding?
- Dry, sticky mucous membranes
- Mental status changes in hypernatremia typically progress from confusion to what?
- Lethargy, then coma and convulsions
- Define hypokalemia
- Serum potassium level below 3.5 mEq/L
- What is a primary cardiac finding in hypokalemia on ECG?
- Flattened T waves, U waves, ST depression
- Hypokalemia commonly causes what type of cardiac arrhythmia?
- Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) and atrial fibrillation
- What skeletal muscle symptom is classic for hypokalemia?
- Weakness and muscle cramps
- Hypokalemia causes which GI symptom?
- Constipation and decreased bowel motility
- Define hyperkalemia
- Serum potassium level above 5.0 mEq/L
- What is the classic ECG finding in hyperkalemia?
- Peaked T waves