Hypertension, heart failure, and dyslipidemia drug therapy decisions and monitoring parameters tested on the NAPLEX.
40 cards · basic cards · AI-written, checked twice. Edit anything.
- What is the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors?
- They block conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing vasoconstriction and aldosterone release.
- Why do ACE inhibitors commonly cause a dry cough?
- They increase bradykinin levels, which normally gets broken down by ACE.
- Are ACE inhibitors and ARBs safe during pregnancy?
- No, they are contraindicated due to risk of fetal renal toxicity and birth defects.
- What two lab values should be monitored after starting an ACE inhibitor or ARB?
- Serum potassium and serum creatinine (renal function).
- What is the mechanism of action of thiazide diuretics?
- They inhibit the Na+/Cl- symporter in the distal convoluted tubule, increasing sodium and water excretion.
- Both thiazide and loop diuretics commonly cause ____ due to increased distal sodium delivery and potassium wasting.
- hypokalemia
- What is the mechanism of action of loop diuretics?
- They inhibit the Na+/K+/2Cl- symporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
- Which class of diuretics carries the highest risk of ototoxicity, especially at high IV doses?
- Loop diuretics, such as furosemide.
- What is a common dose-dependent side effect of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers like amlodipine?
- Peripheral edema.
- Why are non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem) generally avoided in HFrEF?
- They have negative inotropic effects that can worsen systolic heart failure.
- Why should verapamil or diltiazem be used cautiously with beta blockers?
- The combination can cause severe bradycardia or heart block from additive AV node suppression.
- In which patient population are beta blockers considered a compelling indication for hypertension treatment?
- Patients with a history of myocardial infarction or coronary artery disease.
- What can happen if clonidine is stopped abruptly?
- Rebound hypertension.
- What autoimmune side effect is associated with long-term hydralazine use?
- Drug-induced lupus.
- Name a commonly used IV agent for treating a hypertensive emergency.
- Sodium nitroprusside (or IV labetalol/nicardipine).