Major philosophers, schools of thought, and core arguments from an intro philosophy course.
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- Who was the ancient Greek philosopher who founded the Academy and developed the theory of Forms?
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Plato- What is Plato's theory of Forms?
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Non-physical abstract forms represent fundamental reality more than the physical world we perceive- What is the highest good in Aristotle's ethics?
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Eudaimonia, often translated as flourishing or happiness achieved through virtue- What is Aristotle's key concept of virtue?
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A settled disposition or habit to act rightly at the right time for the right reasons- What is Descartes' most famous philosophical statement?
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Cogito ergo sum, or 'I think therefore I am'- What problem did David Hume identify concerning causation?
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We never directly observe causation itself, only the constant conjunction of events following one another- What is Kant's Categorical Imperative?
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An action is moral only if you can will it to be a universal law for all rational beings- What did Kant mean by synthetic a priori knowledge?
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Knowledge that is both informative about the world and knowable independent of experience- What is the core of Hegel's dialectical method?
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A thesis and its antithesis resolve into a synthesis, creating a new thesis- What distinguishes John Stuart Mill's higher pleasures?
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Intellectual and moral pleasures are superior to physical pleasures- What is Mill's harm principle?
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An action can be restricted only if it causes harm to others, not merely because it offends- What does utilitarianism aim to maximize?
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Overall happiness or well-being, often called utility- What is the central concept of Nietzsche's philosophy?
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Will to power, the fundamental driving force of all life and existence- What is existentialism's core claim about human nature?
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Existence precedes essence; individuals create their own essence through their choices- What is Sartre's concept of bad faith?
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Self-deception about one's own freedom and responsibility for one's choices
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